Religiosity and Freedom in The Brothers Karamazov - Literature Essay Samples

The chapter entitled The Grand Inquisitor is unquestionably an integral part of The Brothers Karamazov. The poem allows Ivan to express many of the reasons that he cannot accept certain aspects of Christs behavior, the existence of God, and mankinds intertwined freedom and suffering. Within the poem, the Grand Inquisitor represents one paradigm of belief, while Christ represents the antithesis. This is paralleled by Ivans beliefs contrasting with Alyoshas in the frame of the novel itself. The Grand Inquisitor serves mainly to delineate the conflict between the two principal belief systems evident in The Brothers Karamazov that of accepting mankinds freedom, and therefore his suffering, and that of rejecting it.Those of unwavering faith are able to blindly accept the world and everything about it. They do not question mankinds suffering, instead attributing it to a larger, infallible plan of Gods. They do not need to understand in order to accept. To them, earthly suffering is a small price to pay for the eternal rewards they will eventually reap. The suffering, whether supernal or otherwise, is viewed as ameliorative for both character and faith. They have accepted the burden of freedom placed on them by their God, and sought the strength and wisdom to control that freedom from their God. They do not view their freedom as a burden, however, instead seeing the process whereby they master their freedom as a beneficial experience. Only in this manner are they able to accept the otherwise intolerable suffering of the innocent. Alyosha strongly adheres to this belief system. He firmly believes that though it is indeed unpleasant, the suffering of the innocent is not in vain. God allows events to unfold according to a divine plan, which ultimately benefits all of mankind. The suffering of the innocent is akin to the sacrifice of the lamb, the crucifixion of Christ. The blood of the innocent has always been requisite to that which is most valuable in this case, human freedom. Ivan challenges Alyosha as to whether or not he would found a world in which happiness would reign if that paradise were built upon the suffering of one innocent, and Alyosha responds that though he would not, that is indeed the action which Christ himself took. Alyosha responds to Ivan saying that he has forgotten the one who gave His innocent blood for everyones sins and everyones sakes (296). Christ chose to give his life, in order that mankind would have the freedom to choose to come to him. Alyosha has, through the strength of his faith, accepted both the freedom and the suffering laid upon him. He has accepted God.The Grand Inquisitor represents those who lack faith. They accept nothing freely, and instead question and challenge that which they do not comprehend, and reject that which cannot be answered. Their view of the suffering of the innocent and the freedom man possesses differs from that of those endowed with great faith. In place of f aith, they have questions: Why must innocents suffer? Why must good come only through suffering? Why would a merciful, benevolent God cause anyone to suffer, much less the innocent? Why would Christ place so unbearable a burden as freedom on the shoulders of man, when he clearly cannot wield it? Until these questions can be answered, they simply can accept neither the suffering of the innocent nor the freedom of man. Until they can accept the suffering and the freedom, they cannot accept God.Ivan, from the early stages of his life, questioned the circumstances around him and rejected that which he could not comprehend. He could not accept anything freely, including the charity on which he spent his childhood. The narrator says of Ivan, I gather that by the time he was ten, he had become very aware that he was living on other peoples charity (17). Because of this awareness, he began writing for journals as soon as he could, to support himself. This same fervent need for inde pendence applied even when Ivan was in need of money. The narrator says, It must be pointed out that[Ivan] made no attempt whatsoever to ask his father for assistance (17). Ivans inability to accept munificence freely applied to all aspects of his life. This was the cause of Ivans rejection of God. Ivan simply could not accept the salvation and mercy bought with Christs innocent blood the greatest act of charity. Likewise, he could not accept the freedom Christ bought for mankind when he refused Satans temptations. Ivan found the suffering of innocents utterly repugnant, and in accepting the sacrifice of Christ, he would have been accepting the greatest instance of the unexpiated suffering of an innocent. This chapter, The Grand Inquisitor, personifies the ideological struggle that is prevalent throughout this novel by assigning each philosophy a tangible character to represent it. Through this book, Dostoevsky seeks to illustrate the tragic error in ones inability to accep t Christ that will lead to ones ultimate demise. This poem of Ivans, as well as Ivans experiences throughout the entire novel, serve to more lucidly make this point. Within The Grand Inquisitor itself, the Grand Inquisitor and those he leads are also pictured as being spiritually dead as a result of having rejected Christ and having been deprived of the freedom for which he gave his innocent blood. Dostoevsky wishes the reader to realize the folly in not accepting Christs sacrifice by contrasting Ivans physical and spiritual emaciation with Alyoshas physical and spiritual salubrity. Acceptance of Christ is not only acceptance of mankinds freedom and suffering though; it is also the belief that with Christ, one has the strength to bear that freedom, and that the suffering of the innocent will in the end, bear more fruit.

Different Interpretations Of The Scarlet Letter - 1609 Words

Different Interpretations of The Scarlet Letter Symbolism is everywhere around us in our daily lives, even if you don’t notice it right away. Traffic signs, company names, and even colors can all be examples of symbolism. Dr. Stephanie Carrez’ article, Symbol and Interpretation, focuses on and interprets the different types of symbolism in Nathaniel Hawthorne’s novel, The Scarlet Letter. Focusing mainly on the characters Hester and Pearl, Carrez’ article brings symbolism to a new light as she interprets her thoughts. Carrez’ article shows that symbolism, allegories, and the different possibilities for interpretation play a vital role in analyzing the novel’s worth by using Pearl and Hester as the main examples for the used literary†¦show more content†¦Towards her mother, too, Pearl s errand as a messenger of anguish was all fulfilled,† (Hawthorne). I believe that the symbolism in this quote is exceptional since it is talking about the â€Å"spell† that Pearl has br oken after kissing her father. When Pearl was born, she was known as the physical embodiment of Hester Prynne and Mr. Dimmesdale’s sin. She didn’t show much emotion and didn’t appreciate her father’s presence, or didn’t know how to, until he was gone. When Pearl kisses Dimmesdale, it is almost as if she has broken a spell and can now be her own person. Before, she was almost â€Å"trapped†. She didn’t show her own emotions and didn’t appreciate what a child normally might. I think when Pearl kissed Dimmesdale she realized what she had been missing and started to finally realize that she was about to lose a very important person in her life. Above all, Pearl is shown as a symbol in this novel by representing that she is a physical example of sin. Carrez also uses examples of allegory in her article to explain the importance of the novel. Allegory is a more complex version of symbolism; however, allegory represents one thought, whereas symbolism is a wide spectrum of objects having different meanings than what they physically mean. Allegory is a story using symbolism, where symbolism is theShow MoreRelatedThe Scarlet Letter By Nathaniel Hawthorne1397 Words   |  6 Pages John Graves Professor Connie Caskey English 251: American Literature I 8 February 2016 The Scarlet Letter was written by Nathaniel Hawthorne in 1850 which is based on the time frame of the Puritans, a religious group who arrived in Massachusetts in the 1630’s. The Puritans were in a religious period that was known for the strict social norms in which lead to the intolerance of different lifestyles. Nathaniel Hawthorne uses the puritan’s strict lifestyles to relate to the universal issues amongRead MoreSymbolism in The Scarlet Letter Essay1252 Words   |  6 Pagesimage, the reader can visualize the concept more concretely. The old expression, â€Å"a picture is worth a thousand words,† applies to symbolism as the author creates a visual representation of ideas. The use of symbolism in Nathaniel Hawthorne’s The Scarlet Letter helps to illuminate the overall meaning of the work. At the beginning of the book, the reader is introduced to a dark and gloomy town that had first built a prison and a cemetery. Amidst the depressing landscape, is a beautiful rosebush. â€Å"ButRead MoreABy Major Characters In The Scarlet Letter1202 Words   |  5 PagesThe Interpretation of the ‘A’ by Major Characters in The Scarlet Letter People have different cultures and experiences throughout their lives; therefore, they all have different perspectives of the same object. Various authors use different perspectives of people to make objects mean different based on how people approach it. Not only the readers see the object in different ways, but also the characters in the story. The Scarlet Letter uses various symbolism such as ‘A , rosebush, the forestRead MoreThe Effective Use of Symblism in The Scarlett Letter by Nathaniel Hawthorne1151 Words   |  5 PagesScarlett Letter by Nathaniel Hawthorne The novel, The Scarlet Letter, by Nathaniel Hawthorne is an intriguing account of a Puritan community that experiences a breakdown in beliefs. The story deals with a woman, Hester, who commits adultery with a Calvinistic minister resulting in the birth of a child (Martin 110). As compensation for her crime of passion and her refusal to name her lover, Hester is sentenced to wear an embroidered scarlet letter on her bosom. It is this letter, or secretRead MoreHow Does the Scarlet Letter Comment on Religion in America? Essay754 Words   |  4 PagesReligion is the name given to a â€Å"relationship with God, and different groups of people have different Gods and belief systems† (Terhart Schulze, 2008). Today there are 313 religions and denominations in the United States; from monotheists who believe in one God, to polytheists who believe in many Gods, to others who believe in no God, or a God as represented by animal spirits, alien groups, or psychoactive substances (ProCo n.org, 2008). Christianity was the first religion that was brought to theRead MoreStereotypes in the Scarlet Letter1441 Words   |  6 Pagesnovel The Scarlet Letter that some dogmatic attempts by society to label a person by his or her actions in the past will fail. Subjectivity across the community and throughout time changes the meaning of a symbol society implements to control an idea. The scarlet letter â€Å"A† Hester Prynne wears exemplifies this. The town wants the object to arouse feelings of ignominy towards Hester; however, not everyone who meets Hester interprets it the same way. The town originally regards the letters as a significationRead MoreThe Scarlet Letter, By Nathaniel Hawthorne1501 Words   |  7 Pagesor her art to portray a story that can be interpreted in different ways. Often times, books will have cover art done by an artist whom has read the book to bring the book’s meanings and themes into one picture. Nathaniel Hawthorne’s book, The Scarlet Letter, has acquired many different renditions of the cover over the years from different artists. In his story, a young Puritan, Hester Prynne, is sentenced to a punishment of the scarlet letter after she has committed adultery with an unnamed man. Hawthorne’sRead MoreThe Scarlet Letter, By Nathaniel Hawthorne979 Words   |  4 Pageswell-known dark romanticist and author of â€Å"Young Goodman Brown,† and â€Å"The Scarlet Letter,† displays a love for story and symbols. Goodman Brown in â€Å"Young Goodman Brown,† chooses to question his faith and sells himself out of everyone because he does not believe in anyone. Whereas Hester in â€Å"The Scarlet Letter,† was thrown away from everyone because of her actions. Hawthorne’s usage of light and dark imagery in both, â€Å"The Scarlet Letter,† and â€Å"Young Goodman Brown,† represents good and evil, and the difficultyRead MoreScarlet Letter And Symbolism1045 Words   |  5 PagesThe Scarlet Letter and Symbolism Nathaniel Hawthorne uses many forms of symbolism in his book The Scarlet Letter. Symbolism is, according to Merriam-Webster, â€Å"the art or practice of using symbols, especially by investing things with a symbolic meaning or by expressing the invisible or intangible by means of visual or sensuous representations.† This means that the author was using objects to represent an action or idea. The symbols used in his book is either all physical or visible objects. ManyRead MoreA Summary Of Hester Prynnes The Scarlet Letter1135 Words   |  5 PagesThe Scarlet Letter is solely revolved around this red letter that the main character Hester wears. The letter â€Å"A† that is pinned to Hester Prynne originally stands for adultery, but as Hester becomes more involved in the community, much of the town forgets Hesters original crimes and claims that it stands for angel instead. Everyone has their own take on Hester and her letter. The letter â€Å"A† has different conn otations for different characters and evolves through the novel. The Scarlet Letter is

Essay Sample Books For Bank Exams

Essay Sample Books For Bank ExamsFor all those who are seeking essay samples for bank exams, I can confidently say that there is no shortage of such books. As the purpose of these books is to help you with your essay writing, I will provide you with some of the best of them in this article.The first one is called, 'Essay-A-Bout'. This book contains both essay examples and sample questions for bank exams. This is a great resource because it helps you make your essay as impressive as possible.The second good resource is called, 'The College Essay Service'. This is another excellent book for writers. It gives you both the essay examples and the types of essay questions that you will have to face in your bank exams. This book is great for writers and editors.The third one is called, 'The Essay Doctor's Companion: Writing Your Bank Exam'. This book is basically for those who want to focus on a certain section of their bank exam, and they might be writing on a particular subject or topic. So if you are writing on this topic, this book is a great resource for you.The final book is named, 'Essay Bank Quizzes and Other Essay Resources'. This book has all of the essay samples for bank exams that you could ask for. You can find the subject sections for each essay example, and then you can decide which samples are suitable for you.All of these books are very good sources for you, especially when you need to write your essay for a bank exam. Although they can cost quite a bit, the value of it will surely outweigh the amount that you paid for it. Each of these books contains a lot of essay examples that you will need in order to finish the bank exam.As I mentioned earlier, if you want to write an essay that will surely be acceptable for your bank exam, then these books are perfect for you. They will help you a lot, but do not let this fool you into thinking that they will be more than enough. You need to actually find other sources of reference, so that you will know what ty pe of essay you need to write in order to prepare for your bank exam.Writing an essay for a bank exam should be easy, but it really depends on what you are doing. So make sure that you can be flexible enough to change the way that you write the essay in order to make it more convincing.

Literary Analysis Of Animal Farm - 1614 Words

When reading something new, we at times feel as if this is a story we’ve read before. Memory of past texts can strengthen these feelings as we identify repeating themes and motifs. Symbolism can push a reader deeper into the story by forcing one to see beyond the surface words and to truly understand the writer and their intentions. Understanding the patterns of writers can allow the reader to separate themselves from the text and examine it with a broader perspective. Recognizing these patterns in literary works can enable a reader to understand a dense text that they would ordinarily find troubling. George Orwell’s Animal Farm is an emblematic novel that reflects the events leading to the Russian Revolution, on the surface level.†¦show more content†¦But, we also must address the underlying cause of the whole story-the fuku. The fuku is considered the main cause of all the challenges and trials that Oscar and everyone in his family must face with. This fuku t hrows low self-esteem, anxiety with girls, and complete dorkiness at Oscar. The few women that do enter his life all come with catches and lead him to self-destruction. One could even see his suicide as one of the trials the fuku throws at him that he must overcome, instead of seeing it as an attempt by him to leave the quest early. Lastly, we come to the real reason to go there. Oscar doesn’t want self-confidence for himself. The entire time he is trying to feel love; to be good enough to compel a woman love him and to break this fuku. Driven to Santo Domingo in the end by his failure. Instead of living for himself and succeeding for the pure joy of succeeding, he does it for women. The only quality he had was his love for comics and anime, and he still used that to find that one girl; the one girl that would be into all the dorkiness that he is into. One of the meal scenes that stood out may not have been seen as a meal to others. Ybon and Oscar’s first meeting toget her. Ybon invites Oscar over for a drink and they end up talking for more than six hours. Or more accurately stated, Ybon talked for more than six hours and Oscar listened. Their relationship continues with them going on more dates, and as highlighted by theShow MoreRelatedLiterary Analysis : Animal Farm1050 Words   |  5 PagesLiterary Analysis Mollie In Animal Farm there are many controversial figures who also have interesting connections to the Russian revolution. Mollie is among these controversial members of the mythical animal run society. She has connections to the rich prissy people in Russia that when the revolution took place who immediately looked for an easy way out as soon as they had to do work to earn their due. In Orwell’s Animal Farm Mollie is vain, selfish, and did not care about the revolution leavingRead MoreAnimal Farm Literary Analysis710 Words   |  3 PagesGeorge Orwell, a writer of many novels and other literature, one of his most known is Animal Farm.This book is where Orwell’s political style as well as other techniques he used in his writing were used most. Animal Farm is about farm animals who are being neglected by their owner, and they decides to overthrow him and take control of their farm. However, that is only the the outer layer of the story, looking under the surface, this is an allegory detailing the Russian Revolution. The author wroteRead MoreLiterary Analysis Of Animal Farm By George Orwell1310 Words   |  6 PagesLiterary Analysis of Animal Farm Although they claimed the farm to be a utopia, the pigs secretly were deceiving their fellow animals and turning the farm into a dystopia. In George Orwell s Animal Farm all of the animals are mistreated by Farmer Jones, but they wish to be treated as equals and live in a utopia so they rebel and take over the farm. The animals first write commandments to avoid chaos, but the leader pigs selfishly modify the commandments in their favor. In the end, the farm isRead MoreLiterary Analysis Of Animal Farm By George Orwell1460 Words   |  6 PagesLiterary Analysis of Animal Farm A quote from Wayne Dyer, a late American author and motivational speaker, says that â€Å"[f]reedom means you are unobstructed in living your life as you choose. Anything less is a form of slavery.† This promotes the idea that ultimate freedom to control one’s life is the only way to live. One way to achieve this freedom, if not given, is to stage a revolution against authority. In Animal Farm, a novel by George Orwell, parallels are drawn between his characters and theRead MoreLiterary Analysis Of Animal Farm By George Orwell1405 Words   |  6 PagesLiterary analysis of Animal Farm The rebellion was to escape from people and their cruel ways, but can they escape the death-grip of their own kind? The animals of animal farms are mistreated and have no rights. Mr and Mrs. Jones were the owners of Manor Farm, the human oppressors, and authoritarians of the animals. The animals rebel against the Jones and take over the farm. They create a utopian society for themselves, but the utopia quickly turns into a dystopia when the pigs take control ofRead MoreAnimal Farm And Fahrenheit 451 Literary Analysis811 Words   |  4 PagesNegroes were being discriminated against. Again this theme of â€Å"the struggle for freedom† is shown in the book Animal Farm by George Orwell, and Fahrenheit 451 by Ray Bradbury. In both of these novels the characters struggle to gain their freedom from the restrictions society placed on them. Freedom is only attained when it is fought for as shown in â€Å"I Have a Dream†, Fahrenheit 451, and Animal Farm. In the novel, Fahrenheit 451, Montag struggles for freedom despite societys restrictions. This is demonstratedRead MoreAnimals Take Over in Animal Farm by George Orwell1370 Words   |  6 PagesIn the novel â€Å"Animal Farm† by George Orwell, the animals take over the farm and develop their own independent society. Just as it happened during the Russian Revolution of 1917. George Orwell underlies the tension between the oppressed and the exploiting classes between the condescending ideals and harsh realities of socialism. During the course of the literary piece by George Orwell makes it clear how the animals are mistreated by â€Å"Mr. Jones â€Å", because of this treatment they are receiving; OldRead MoreAnimal Farm Paradox Analysis1013 Words   |  5 PagesPublished Sample Analysis: In this part in Animal Farm, the pigs wish to enact rules that will benefit them at the expense of the other animals on the farm. In one of their rules, a paradox is created whose function is to expose the truth that despite governments claiming to treat everyone equally, they tend to favor certain groups over others. The paradox is created through the statement that some are more equal than others, which is a contradicting statement because if some are more equal thanRead MoreAnimal Farm Film Analysis838 Words   |  4 Pages This essay is a comparative analysis between the film and novel, Animal Farm. Animal Farm was written by George Orwell in 1943 and published on the 17th of August 1945. A motion picture of the novel was later produced on the 29th of December 1954 by director Joy Bachelor. There are many differences and similarities between the novel and film involving the use of characters, symbolism, themes, dialogue and events. Animal farm was a successful novel as the length was 112 pages, therefore the movieRead MoreComparision of The Chrysalids and Animal Farm Essay2185 Words   |  9 PagesChrysalids and Animal Farm, which will be compared and contrasted in the following essay, demonstrating the fact that they both target the general audience and not one particular group of readers. The comparison between both novels will be done via the contrast of specific literary elements such as the plot and the moods of the novels, the point of view of the narration and the style of the author, and also via the themes the authors try to convey to their audience through their literary work. It

Earthquake Performance of Reinfoced Concrete Buildings free essay sample

I would also like to thank Nejat Bayulken for helping with my questionnaire and Luke Murgatrody and Sammuel Gracey for helping to correct my grammatical errors. I wish to acknowledge my classmates; Robert Leeming, Simon Yallop. Sagar Rasioni and Gianni Spagnolli , who were always ready to help in any time during dissertation research. At last, many thank all those at Middle East Technical University, Civil Engineer Department in Ankara / Turkey who helped me bring together the information that needed to complete this dissertation. 1 Abstract: This dissertation investigates earthquake performance of reinforced building during an earthquake specifically within Turkey. The Marmara earthquake highlighted serious problems with Turkish buildings and how they perform during seismic activity. Marmara is situated on one of the worlds most active tectonic regions. This study focused on the standpoints of Turkish Government and Engineers attempt in construction problems that they were facing it for many years. My research identifes the probem that earthquake has caused in Turkey . The problem that Turkish Government and Engineers have faced in regard to fall down of the buildings in Marmara region. The research highglited that there were three important question that need to be answered; †¢ †¢ †¢ To consider the effectiveness of building codes in an earthquake zone. To investigate why 1974 Earthquake Code was not successful. What are new updates in present Earthquake Code? and Did Turkish government take lesson from it ? The research will focus on four different case studies that were in the earthquake region. The case studies will explain the techniques applied to structures in order to understand any problems that arise from the engineers or contractors and materials. This will be done by collecting data from Turkish Republic Disaster and Emergency Management sources and Ministry of Housing and Infrastructure. The recommendations from this report are that while common issues are highlighted about what government willingness to improve levels of assurance in regards to earthquake disaster that Turkey may have in future. Word Count : 8593 Keywords: Construction Industry, Earthquakes, Workmanship, Damage, Training, Material Quality, in Turkey. Background This dissertation reports an analysis of the state of the regulatory compliance of buildings constructed in the Marmara region of Turkey. Through an analysis of past and present practices, this study systematically addresses the vulnerability of buildings to destruction from earthquakes. This study focuses on the buildings in the Marmara re gion that were built after the introduction of the 1974 building codes (MPWH 1998), which recognised the need to implement improved design, architecture, and construction techniques in order to prevent catastrophic building collapse during earthquakes. This code and the buildings build after its introduction were tested on August 17, 1999 during the Izmit earthquake (also known as the Kocaeli or Golcuk earthquake) of 7. 6 magnitude. Many of building collapsed, although a significant number survived. In addition, there were casualties caused by falling objects in buildings that did not suffer catastrophic collapse. Research Question What is the best approach to systematically study the compliance of buildings built after the 1974 building code in their ability to survive destruction from an earthquake? 1 Purpose of the research The main purpose of this research is to provide a structured approach to the study of the complex problems associated with building in an EQ zone. 1. To understand the complex technical and regulatory situation around the application of an effective building code to prevent death due to EQs in Turkey. 2. To support engineers and contractors in understanding of this complex and challenging situation and to point the way towards better codes, design application and good quality construction materials. 3. To consider other aspects of the code such as the internal detailing and fixing movable objects to prevent damage during and EQ. Research Question †¢ Is there a systematic way to consider the effectiveness of building codes in an earthquake zone? †¢ †¢ Why 1974 Earthquake Code was not successful? What are new updates in present Earthquake Code? and Did Turkish government take lesson from it ? 2 CHAPTER 2: RESEARCH METHODS The section presents the methodology that is designed to address the research question and focuses on the development of a systematic study plan to understand the suitability of the building codes and whether builders have been compliant in construction. The study also takes into account other developments in Turkey, such as the rapid population increase and the need to build high density residential structures. The research method is based upon the organization of a wide variety of information and knowledge that encompass political, regulatory, social, cultural, engineering and geophysics. Survived Followed code Did not follow code (a) (c) Did not Survive (b) (d) Table 1 contains the main research structure followed in this paper on buildings after the introduction of the 1974 Building Code that survived or did not survive. The table contains four separate cases, labeled (a), (b), (c) and (d). These will be discussed and analysed in this paper. The method followed in this dissertation will be how to analyise the four cases shown in Table 1. In this table, the four cases are: (a) those buildings who’s builders claimed to have followed Code and survived, (b) those buildings who’s builders claimed to have followed code, but collapsed, (c) those who did not follow the code, but survived (such as historic buildings) and (d) those who did not follow code and were destroyed. This issertation is designed to provide a structured approach to the analytical and qualitative study (Glazier Jack D Powell 1992) of earthquake resilience. Furthermore, qualitative method is the way to fully assess earthquake vulnerability and involves many experiments and study of a large scale that is already being conducted. However, for the purposes of this study, visual inspection of buildings preserved in photographs are analysed to understand their condition and learn 3 something of their survival status. Observations of this sort it direct and useful, however subject to errors (Murakami et al. , 1999). Table 2 contains a comparison of quantitative and qualitative approaches and how the study reported here is an attempt to survey these approaches and come up with an overview that will help to better understand the particular situation affecting the resilience of buildings in the Marmara region to earthquakes. Quantitative Aim Relationship Between Researcher Subject Scope of Findings Relationship Between Theory and Research Nature of Data Hard Reliable Rich and Deep Numeric Comparing Idiographic Development Fact Distant Finding based on evidence Qualitative Attitude based on ideas and measurements Close Table 2 Differences Between Quantitative Research and Qualitative Research. Table 2 shows the differences between research methods, I have followed the quantitative method, as this is a more appropriate route for the data I am collecting, as it is a fact-based study. By using quantitative exploratory research, I will be more into issues and problems. This enabled me to understand; 1. To investigate what is happening. 2. To ask question and interviews with professionals. 3. To create ideas and theory for future study. 4 Interviews Face to face interviews The interviews were conducted in order to get a better understanding of the reasons why some buildings survived the EQ and others didn’t. Face to face interviews have a distinct advantage of enabling the researcher to gain insight into situation where there is a lack of published information or the authorities may be hiding something. These interviews produce highest response in the research and it will also allow the researcher to understand impressive answers and when appropriate. Despite their expense, they provide invaluable insight into a complex political and technical area. The main objective of the interviews was to gain insight into the four (4) cases of buildings as first described in Table 1. Was the Code followed? Did the building perform? Was the Code effective? This is very variable and can be used to collect considerable amounts of information. During personal interview, any type of questionnaire can be used. Personal interviews took two forms: planned and unplanned. Unplanned interviews sometime yield surprising results as they often catch the person off guard and they reveal something interesting or previously hidden. During my research period, I have done both as it helped me to understand the topic better, and also to reach knowledgeable people and gain insight. During my research period, interview with Nejat Basulke took place on 14th January 2012; he is president of chamber of Civil Engineers. Telephone Interviews Telephone interviews are less time consuming and less expensive and it also gives the opportunity to access to anyone who has telephone. 1. 1. It can be more flexible as interviewer can explain questions not understood by the respondent. Depending on respondent’s answer they can skip some questions and probe more on others. 5 2. 3. Allows better sample control. Response rate be likely to be higher than mail. 6 Interview Structure The questions were mainly based upon George Blumberg’s suggestions on building performance and materials. The questions were designed and formatted in such a way that the respondent could present their complete view about the topic. Detailed questions and original answers can be found at the end of this dissertation in the appendix section. 1. What is your definition of Earthquake Engineering? This question is very important, as it will show that respondent actually believes is Earthquake Engineering and this will then determine how the following questions will be answered and how much emphasis can be put onto their results. 2. What are main failures that buildings are collapsing? This is question that will identify the main problems of the buildings and what cause them to collapse. 3. Why there were so many project errors? How approves them? Did not they consider the Earthquake Code. Following swiftly on from the previous question is a question designed to make the responder give his own opinion. . Most of the buildings are built on reinforced system, was it true ? i Especially f the country on laying on the seismic regions . By asking this question, it will mean to be quite a probing question to get the responder to think about the failings encountered and try and reason why these failings happened. 5. How is the poor workmanship affects the buildings? This is very impor tant question due to the lack of information in my research. 6. What the recommendations, in order to build earthquake resistance building, as well as following the earthquake code? This is a good start from which to suggest improvements review and it should provide a good start from which suggests improvements and this could identify new improvements that have not been researched or improved. Therefore this 7 question could end up being the most necessary part of the research the solutions could help to make it better. Case studies Our choice of case studies was made in order to explore the elements of the buildings that experience the 1999 EQ as shown in Table 1 where buildings that both survived and did not survive are studied. The same information was derived from each case study. These criteria are: did they follow the code, what was the reason for failure (or survival), compliance to the code 1974. Case studies are mainly used when the researcher be determined to keep up my argument by an in depth analysis of the project â€Å" Reinforced Concrete Building in Golcuk† which constructed under Code 1974. The nature of the case study focuses on one aspect, in my case study, this would be, why reinforced concrete buildings are easy target in earthquake. According to S. G. Naoum (2007) there are three types of case studies (Table 4). The Descriptive Case Study Quite similar to the concept of descriptive survey â€Å" counting† The analytical Case Study Similar to theory of investigative survey â€Å"Counting, and Association â€Å" The Explanatory Case Using the theoretical approach to the problems and comparing them. Table 3 The Case Study Approach to addressing the research question. The case study is most useful for generating theory and the main advantage of a case study is that it gives me a opportunity to study one phase of the problem in detail from many different viewpoints. CHAPTER 3: ANALYSIS ANALYSIS The analysis in this section is based on the information gathered during the experimental stages using the method described in the previous section. Since the objectives of the research reported in this dissertation are designed to provide a better understanding of the effectiveness of building codes in a Turkish earthquake zone, the th en analysis is presented in order to uncover how to better conduct a study into the details of code compliance. A summary of this can be seen in Figure 1, where the resilience of a building in an EQ zone depends on the effectiveness of the code and on how well it has been applied to the construction. An Effective Code Compliance with the Code and the resialiance to Figure 1 shows the relation between an effective building code damage due to EQs This advantage of studying the situation in Turkey is that the frequency and intensity of earthquakes, coupled with high population density, leads to a situation where buildings are tested to the extreme. An effective Code In the absence of effective advance warning of earthquakes the only measure that can be taken to protect occupants of buildings is to construct them using materials and with a design that is resistant to damage due to earthquake movement. Building EQ resistant buildings is a well develop practice and in certain places where these buildings are required, there are very few casualties from collapsed buildings. For instance in the Los Angeles EQ of 1994 resulted in only 20 deaths despite the size of the quake (BBC News 1994). This is due to an effective building code that is adhered to by everybody who builds. Furthermore, there are measures in the Code to prevent falling objects from coming loose and striking people during an EQ. The major reason for the damage in reinforced concrete structures is because, they are not fully designed for seismic movement, and therefore reinforced concrete buildings cannot sow spongy behaviour in earthquake. Well-designed 9 structures should be capable of resisting motions equally from three directions of earthquake effects. The damages in reinforced buildings have occurred due to design and construction methods, such as use of poor resistant’s concrete, the weak reinforcement of soft stories and beam joints. The damages in unreinforced building should not be a surprising, as it is not obeyed the construction rules and new updated Earthquake Code. In this dissertation, the oberservations and my findings on the damages reinforced concrete and other type of building have been assessed, in order to understand the matters, Turkish Earthquake Codes (2007) directed towards design have been discussed especially for building. Comparison with the California code Revisions to the practice of earthquake codes in construction engineering in Turkey have usually followed major, detrimental earthquakes. This trend is not exceptional to Turkey because changes in design practice in Japan, Mexico, and the United States have followed major earthquakes in those countries (Nisee 2010). Provisions for particular detailing of reinforced concrete moment-resisting frames for yielding reaction were introduced in Turkey in early 1975s. These requirements were considerably similar to those introduced in the United States in the early 1970s (Nisee 2010). On the other hand, the construction of buildings with ductile details was not authorized as it was in California in the 1970s. To a certain extent, buildings could be constructed without special details for ductile response or ductile details. According to Nisee (2010) report â€Å" For modern reinforced concrete moment-resisting frames of high ductility (U. S California Code. , the ordinates of the 1997 Turkish lateral-force-coefficient spectra exceed those of the 1997 California Code for both rock and firm soil sites. Recognizing that the prescriptive details of the 1997 California Code and the 1997 Turkish code for frames of high 10 ductility are similar, the performance of buildings designed to either code should be similar if the standards of construction are comparable†. Lateral Force – Resisting System Reinforced concrete shear wall Reinforced fr ame Steel braced frame Steel resisting frame 6 6 7 6. 5 concrete moment-resisting 1974 to 1999 Turkey 6 7 1974 to 1999 USA 7 7. Table 4 Comparing of two different seismic codes, (Nisee 2010) According to Table 4, the reviews of two different codes bring the idea of the similarities in most other regards. Although the codes are very similar with each other, the buildings are should have designed and constructed in accordance with these codes, it must have performed equally, if the construction quality is the similar. Therefore, most of the collapsed multi-storey buildings were believed to be highly earthquake resistant. They were not for some or all of the following reasons: 1. Most of the buildings did not meet the design requirements of the code and included details that are not earthquake resistant, due to inadequate vertical and horizontal reinforcing steel and the widespread use of smooth reinforcing steel. 2. The design structural engineer, the contractor, does not inspect the ongoing construction to verify that the contractor has built the building according to the intent of the Earthquake Code requirements. 3. 4. 5. Many of the buildings were built with very poor and inappropriate construction materials and utilized poor workmanship. Most of the structures were knowingly allowed to be built on active faults. Many buildings were not engineered, but built according to past experience with 1974 code. 11 According to my research, I have found the main reason between California Code and Turkish Code. This because, it was cheaper to construct stronger buildings without special details for ductile response than weaker buildings with ductile detailing, non ductile moment-resisting frame construction was most common in Turkey up to the time of the Izmit earthquake (Nisee 2010). Since 1974, California has made a significant process towards earthquake safety for the structures. California Code became more useful and made California state safer from potentially deactivating earthquakes. These new policies that has the following basic principles; 1. 2. Continual improvement in education and new skills about earthquakes and better techniques for mitigating their effects. Evolutionary improvement in public policy affecting the design and construction that can fit California’s built environment. The update to the Turkish Code Earthquake code of Turkey is prepared around three times, 1959, 1975, 2007. This earthquake code includes regulations for general principles of earthquakes. Such as specifications is to avoid structural and non-structural elements of building from any damage in low-intensity earthquakes; to limit the damage in structural and non-structural elements to repairable levels in medium-intensity earthquakes, and to prevent the overall or partial collapse of buildings in high- intensity earthquakes in order to avoid the loss of life (MPWS 1998)). Marmara Earthquake in 1999, most of the contractors are failed to follow earthquake codes, so this esulted errors in (Europan Journal of Educational Studies 2(1), 2010); †¢ Low quality concrete is used in 90% †¢ Corrosion problem in 64. 20% †¢ Sea sand (with salt) is used in 61. 23% †¢ Service life ends in 16% 12 †¢ Bad concrete curing in 11. 27% †¢ Various architectural mistakes in 12% †¢ Soil problems in 23. 40% In 1997, the government tried to update the Earthquake for the new and exist ing structures, to offer a little protection from the collapse. Between 1997 to 1999, less than 25 % of all buildings in Turkey conform to the update in Earthquake Code in 1997 (Coburn 1995:84). Last earthquake code covers the regulations about repairing and reinforcement of existing buildings. The general purpose of earthquake resistant design with this new specification is to avoid structural and non-structural elements of buildings from any damage in low-intensity earthquakes; to limit the damage in structural and non-structural elements to avoid the overall or partial collapse of buildings in high- intensity earthquakes in order to avoid the loss of life. 2007 TEC consists of following titles (Turkish Earthquake Code, 2007, MPWH 1998). These new updates are based on Table 5; Earthquake Resistant Design rules for Reinforced Concrete Structures Earthquake Resistant Design rules for Masonry Structures. Earthquake Resistant Design rules for Steel Structures Eartquake Resistant Design on Reinforcement of Existing Earthquake Resistant Design rules for Foundations. Reinforcement of Structures. Site Feasibility Work. Material Selections. Table 5 New Updates on Earthquake Code 2007. 13 Compliance with the Code What were the problems with public records? During my research, I found no evidence of inspections that has been done. Normally, the countries, who do follow their Earthquake Code, the municipalities are responsible for supervising building construction projects. However in Turkey, this works up side down, this mainly because most of them have inadequate skills and resources to fulfill this responsibility. According to a theory, to having a established building codes and land use regulations, such as in the U. S. A and UK, before the project begins, the architecture, structural engineer and designers must be submit their paper works for the structure that they are going to build and get the approval construction permit. In consequent, most municipal planning offices employ no structural engineers and stamp plans as â€Å"received† without checking the technical considerations of the project. (Gulkan, 2001; Gulkan, 2002) Local governments are permitted to shut down construction sites if these plans do not meet their regulations, but problems are more regularly met with an institutional â€Å"averting of eyes†. (Gulkan, 2002) Furthermore, municipalities are not liable for mistakes in development, and no legal action against officials has ever been taken. Balamir, 2001; Gulkan, 2002). Lack of education on the risks of EQ : The research has shown me some important issue with lack of education on the risks of EQ. Most of Turkish graduates, as soon as they achieved their degree (diploma), have the authority, according to Turkish Law to do any type of projects, and to be any type of project manager on any construction. Aydinoglu (1998) ‘stop my friend, to be a project engineer is not su ch an easy job, you need to be wellversed in earthquake engineering and construction technology, and have your work assessed’. Polat Gulkan (2000) Ankara Technical University/ Turkey spoken the difficulty in terms of the safety afforded the ill coordinated â€Å"expert† at the cost of public safety; â€Å"In Turkey any engineer who holds a current diploma, without regard for the (theoretical) degree of difficulty of the project, can put his/her signature to any project. Expert status in engineering has not been established. This in effect equips engineers and other experts, like [government] officials, with 14 an iron-plated immunity â€Å". (Gulkan, 2001). Experience is one of the important need for earthquake engineering. There are many architects or civil engineers applied to work in Consulting and Inspection Bureau (CCE) . According to The head of the Istanbul CCE, Cemal Gokce, stated ‘But I know that most of these colleagues of mine have never drafted a project in their lives. They should not give permission to these people to open a bureau just because they are politically close to the Ministry of Public Works and Housing (quoted in TDN, 29 October 1999). The political situation and the difficulty of doing business: Until late 2000’s, If you know some one in parliaments, it was really easy to set up a construction company and built. This was due to political power behind the owner or the contractor. Therefore, most of the rules were not applying to them. In august 20th, 1998,the public prosecutor for the Ankara State Security Court launched an investigation in order to find out the allege corruption in state tenders for housing contractors for Marmara EQ. The Minister for Public Works and Housing and his father created a company selling construction equipment and, it was alleged, forced companies submitting construction tenders for the building of permanent housing for earthquake survivors to buy materials from this company. Most of the materials were not even approved by TSE and also recommended by the Earthquake Code. This means, due to political power, people were not able to check whether building is built in earthquake area, either temporary or permanent, as they could not find any plans or permissions. The voice from the professions is united: ‘We knew that this fault runs through this area. There were many past earthquakes in this area with the last one 1999 in Goluck. So this is very obvious. Geologically we know that the area has such a risk, but the outcome shows that the development was totally unplanned’ (Haluk Suguoglu, Director of Earthquake Engineering Research Centre, METU). 15 CHAPTER 4: DATA PRESENTATION INTERVIEW Who is Nejat Bayulke : Nejat Bayulke graduated from METU with a Bachelor of Civil Engineering. He has worked at the Earthquake Research Department for the Ministry of Public Works since 1998. He is currently a leading member of the Chamber of Civil Engineers in Turkey. The interview was in Turkish and then translated by myself â€Å"Korkut Mirzai†. Original speech can be found in Appendix. 1) What is your definition of Earthquake Engineering? There were two responses to this question; the first answer given focused around the evaluation of Earthquake Engineering can be defined as branch of engineering dedicated to earthquake hazards. In his opinion earthquake engineering covers and investigates the problems, then brings the best solution for these problems, which are caused by the seismic movements. Second explanation was that earthquake engineering is the preventative measures taking in designing a building to withstand earth tremors and seismic movements. These measures may not prevent building damage but should ensure the integrity of the building remains so that collapse doesn’t occur in the event of such natural disasters. Summary: Even though earthquake engineers are quite needed for construction, in Turkey, this is not really common. Most of the buildings are not seen by these engineers in order to get approve of construction stage. According to updated Earthquake Code 2007, any construction in earthquake zone must have one inspection by an earthquake engineer during the construction phrase. ) Why does a structure collapse? There might be an error in the project, or a flaw in the construction; it might be because of the exterior factors. On the other hand, structures collapse due to horizontal loads and pressures, which weaken their supporting materials. Summary: Major problem with structure in Turkey, especially with reinforced 16 concrete, they are not actually designed for seismic region, when there is a earthquake, bea ms in the building can not carry the horizontal loads, as they become weakened because of the shake. 3) What are the major Project Errors? Mistakes can be made with the load, it might have been calculated less than it should have been, wrong corner cuts and the equipment might be inadequate to support the load, maybe the supporting system is not as it should be or calculation and modeling methods may be insufficient. There might be some consequences of the geometry of the structure but these may be overlooked during calculation. This is a cause of destruction. For example, loads are miscalculated or maybe the possibility of an earthquake is neglected. These are project errors. Some effects are not taken into consideration, such as rotational and shear forces. For instance, a far more important matter: the tension caused by twisting in warm climates. These don’t appear right away but in time these kind of effects lead to certain damages, fractures in the structure. Summary: When I am examined the buildings, I have clearly noticed, most the buildings have the structural design errors. Especially the one designed with Earthquake Code 1975. My understanding from this question is, the major error in the reinforced concrete building is wrong planning and decisions. Such as soft ground floor, where the first floor of the building is way much bigger than ground floor, and structure cant not carry the load during the earthquake. Sadly this decision made by engineers or contractors in order to make more profit. The main problem is ensuring that contractors follow the designs that strengthen buildings and not cut any corners for the sake of extra profit. Regular inspections should be carried out during the construction process by a government controlled body as well as the procurement team. 4) Construction Errors? Here in our country the biggest mistake in construction is the fact that the concrete used in the project does not have enough resistance. This, unfortunately, is a grave problem of our country. It was a bigger problem especially in the days when we didn’t have ready mixed concrete. As far as I know a lot of buildings’ concrete 17 resistance decreases down to 1/3 of the resistance required in that project. The equipment is in adequate, misplaced. These, too, are the reasons of the collapses. 5) Why most of the reinforced buildings are collapsed during the earthquake? Before proceeding to the explanation as well as the analysis of the idea of, reinforced concrete buildings, it seems necessary to first give and describe its main features. To begin with, in Turkey, owing to the poor workmanship in design and application and the low quality of materials, reinforced concrete buildings tend to be affected, damaged by earthquakes. Then, the current strength of the concrete of the complemented structure is estimated at 100 kg/cm2; nevertheless, when earthquakes occur and buildings fall apart, this value can plummet to 60-70 kg/cm2. It is to be reminded that, in theory the design strength of concrete is valued at 160 kg/cm2 (cube strength). From the above, it can be inferred that in Turkey, most buildings do not respect the established earthquake resistant design code. Anchorage lengths, longitudinal bars, close spacing are illustrations of rules rarely considered and applied in today’s construction. Within the context of earthquakes, it is noticeable that, in terms of conceptual design, very few are the buildings provided with an earthquake resistant structural system with a proper frame or a frame-shear wall system. To sum up, due to the above mentioned reasons, in Turkey, most reinforced concrete buildings are exposed to earthquakes. Summary : My understanding from this question would be nearly most of the reinforced concrete buildings are collapsed during the earthquake. Hence All of the collapsed buildings have slab system of joist beams with hollow lightweight concrete block fillers, which completely different than current requirements of Earthquake Code (Earthquake Code 2007) 6) How can you describe the poor workmanship? In Turkey, most of the construction problems are based on poor workmanship, this mainly due to contractors prefers to either use cheap materials or wrong method of 18 construction. This poor workmanship can be underline in two different ways, one of them is the connections of columns and beams are really weak, as the connection of steel bars did not attach it correctly. An other factor is the granulometry (Definition: Linking to the distribution of grain sizes in sand or rock) of the sand and gravels of concrete were considerably poor. So those big gravels blocked the solid while casting at site where steel connections were thick as it resulted in very poor and weak connections. So such connections creates a heavy damages during earthquake. Summary : My understanding for poor workmanship which leads to defective works has to be rectified by the contractor or engineers, however, in order to do that, the project will require postponement of time, therefore people just ignoring to follow that stage. Sloppy mistakes such as taking incorrect measurements from plans and specifications created the construction mistakes. Furthermore, incorrect units and measures during construction have created a defective work. In consequence, the contractors need to reconstruct those construction mistakes which results in taking additional time to complete the project rather than just ignoring it. 7) What the recommendations, in order to build building, as well as following the earthquake code. Recommendations would be to make buildings EQ resistant. This could be done using the building method of tunnel formation (EQ code 2007). This would be the best proposal to improve the earthquake resistance of housing. Even though, tunnel form systems have been used in Turkey since late 70`s, it did not become a primary choice in the construction until 1999. As a result, tunnel form buildings performed better seismic performance by retarding plastic hinge formations at the most critical locations, such as slab–wall connections and around wall openings than other buildings. During the earthquake, tunnel form buildings do not collect all the power at shear connections, it does divides the energy all over the building, therefore you may feel the intensity more than the buildings, but this a good thing. Another benefit of tunnel form buildings is that they never collapse earthquake resistance 19 successively as seen in a domino effect, they sway instead. Summary: According the recent earthquakes reports, tunnel forms frame buildings have exhibited better performance than the other buildings â€Å"RC†. Since 1999, after the regulations became tighter, the contractors and engineers choice of using the tunnel form has become a primary. 20 CHAPTER 5: CASE STUDY BUILDING A The level of damage is less in Sehitler District , most of the buildings are settled towards the side of hills. The soil condition is hard and the building stock is made up of 2-3 storey steel framed structures and 3-4 storey frameless brick and masonry buildings by 49% and, 3-7 storey reinforced concrete framed buildings by 51% (Ergunay Gulkan, 1999). Building A (Picture 1) that I have chosen, it was constructed on the seismic fault line, and also this construction type is addressed by the codes/standards in Turkey under â€Å" 1. Regulations for Buildings to Be Built in Disaster Areas (1998) 2. TS 500: Requirements for Design and Construction of Reinforced Concrete Structures (2000)†. Furthermore, with good feasibility research, building has constructed on a math foundation, so it can transmit the gravity loads to the soil any vibration from the ground. Picture 1 The Case Study, Building B Sehitler Discrit, (H. Sezen2000) 21 This building has a complete load path for seismic movement effects from any parallel direction that transfers inertial forces from the building to foundation. The vertical load bearing parts are well attached to the foundations; therefore concrete columns and walls are getting supportive force from the foundation (Picture 2). Picture 2 The Case Study, Building B Sehitler Discrit , Foundation Level, (H. Sezen2000) The walls are the primarily load carried for the buildings and one of the most effective members against earthquakes. Good planed of wall density helped in reducing the unit shear, and enabled most of the elastic response during the strong earthquake period (Picture 3). Most the materials sed in this structure construction were considered to be well adequate per the requirement from the Turkish National Construction Code and Standards. â€Å" Legislation was enacted in April 2000 to enforce mandatory design checking and construction inspection of all buildings by government-licensed private supervision firms. For new buildings, this supervision aims to ensure compliance with earthquake-resistant design codes and nominal construct ion quality standards’’ (Republic of Turkey Ministry of National Education 2003). 22 Picture 3 The Case Study, Building B Sehitler Discrit , Elevation, (H. Sezen2000). BUILDING B Building B (Picture 4) is located in northern side of Golcuk, near by the coast line , this an example building of who followed the Earthquake Code 1974 , but collapsed in 1999 EQ in Marmara. As the building built in around 1975, it was quite old for Turkish building classification. . This building suffered with the little damage as a result of the seismic movement but could not be occupied because it settled due to liquefaction and bearing failure of the supporting soils (Picture 5). Because, where the building has been build is a concrete filled ground ( where it used to be a sea ), after many years, the sea water started to cracking the concrete and allowed liquefaction. Therefore, unlikely of any ground movement, building were ready to collapse or damages. Until late 2000s, liquefaction was not considered by the Earthquake Code (MPWH 1998). To achieve performance 23 partially stabilized the building. 3. 7. 4 Building D 3. 7. 4. 1 Building Description Building D was a six-story moment-frame building located in the center of Adapazari. An elevation of the building is shown in Figure improvementson similarliquefaction would have age in beyond collapse prevention, site 3-59. Based to avoid construction of the same Adapazari, the foundation for Building D was probably a mat or raft with a thickness of approximately been required. 1 m. or soil and foundation behavior in performance-based earthqu ng would have satisfied the performance level of collapse pre 1997] and Vision 2000 [SEAOC 1995]), it would not have s life-safety performance level. To achieve performance beyon Figure 3-59 Elevation of Building D o avoid liquefaction would have been required. Picture 4 The Case Study, Building B North,Golcuk , Elevation, (H. Sezen2000). 3. 7. 4. 2 System Response Building D is an example of poor system performance that was not accompanied by componen damage or failure. This building suffered little damage as a result of the earthquake shaking but could not be occupied because it settled more than 1 m due to liquefaction and bearing failure of the supporting soils (see Figure 3-60). It is likely that this failure of the supporting soils limited the shaking experienced by the building. Services and utilities to the building were destroyed and ingress and egress were most difficult. The poor performance of this building underscores the need to ure 3-60 Settlement of Building D due to liquefaction and soil-bearing Picture 5 The Case Study, Building B North,Golcuk , Settlement of Building B, due to liquefaction, (H. Sezen2000). ary Remarks e of the discussion of selected buildings is to identify issues re ust be addressed in the development of guidelines and tools f ed earthquake engineering. of this writing, building (system) response is often judged on mponent in the building. Clearly, this approach, although con fective. Poor behavior of one or two random components doe avior, although poor behavior of one or two key components m sms for redistribution of gravity loads do not exist in a buildi ns to be learned about the collapse of buildings and the desig n or failure. Research on the following topics is needed to im 24 BUILDING C Many of the citys well-known historical monuments such as Hagia Sophia (Picture 6) may withstand the quake because they were designed by earthquake aware architects and engineers, built soundly of quality materials, and, have already survived from several substantial earthquakes for over thousand years. In many cases, reinforcements have been added when damage from earlier quakes has been repaired. The reason why this building did not collapse, even though they did not even have earthquake code by that time ,the superior part of the structure is not a box, it’s a series of domes. Domes deliver lateral forces very well for three reasons. 1. First, and primary, even earthquake strong enough to get a dome to sway will not produce areas of the structure that have no support against gravity, because the base is much wider than the top. 2. Second, domes distribute forces in all directions naturally, and as a consequence the design is much better at dissipating energy. 3. Third, most of the mass of a dome is low, and this lower center of gravity greatly reduces the chance of collapse. Hagia Sophia started showing signs of fatigue and was extensively strengthened with the addition of structural supports to its exterior by the great Ottoman architect Sinan who is also considered one of the first earthquake engineers in the world. Picture 6 The Case Study, Building C Istanbul , Elevation Of Hagia Sofia 25 BUILDING D Building D ( Picture 7) is located in Kavakli district near by the city center along the seacoast where most of the reinforced concrete framed buildings are dominant approximately 75% and ground bearing capacity is low poor soil condition, therefore more than 60 % buildings were heavily damaged or moderately damaged (Ergunay Gulkan, 1999). Picture 7 The Case Study, Building D Kavakli Discrit , Back Elevation (H. Sezen2000) Reinforced concrete systems are well known to be the most sensitive systems to earthquake loads, unless if they are built with acceptable Earthquake Code standards, construction techniques and good workmanship. Yet, in this region, most of the above requirements that were not satisfied have become the reasons for high damage on reinforced concrete buildings. The â€Å" cement â€Å" that used on floors, was made of sea sand, therefore it did not actually had a sufficient of cement. However, according to new Earthquake Code 2007 clearly states that concrete quality must be c20 or higher quality, if it based in 26 zone one and two(MPWH 1998). Although, at this building, this level was even lower than c10 level. Using of low quality of cement made building columns weak against earthquakes. The cracks on the columns and beams let it to be broken due to heavy load and seismic vibration (Picture 8). Picture 8 The Case Study, Building D Kavakli Discrit , Column,(H. Sezen2000) At the first floor columns, at the front face of the building Picture 9. Further damaged can be found around the stairwell at the rear of the structure. The staircases in the back of the stairwell were cast integrally with the external columns. Each landing is located just about 1 m below the beam-column connections. As can be seen on the Picture 9, Although Earthquake Code requires strong quality of steel in the stairs , there were no enough amount of steel frame used in the connections. So, this means that staircases resulted in short column construction and led to shear failures at the landings (MPWH 1998). 27 Picture 9 The Case Study, Building D Kavakli Discrit , Stairs Level,(H. Sezen2000) 28 SUMMARY OF CASE STUDY To sum up the case study, I have considered, that most of the residential buildings that collapsed including building A were built to the previous code which was established 1975. D`Ayala (2003) states the earthquakes damage in this disaster have put the duty for the deconstruction on poor standards of construction; †¢ †¢ †¢ Provisions of the code for detailing the reinforcement was not present in practice. Concrete was considerably poor quality contributing to brittle performance. Apartment blocks had infill wall made with light weight of steel frame, that would not be adequate to resist the forces. Earthquake cataclysm is a major problem that Turkish authorities have had to deal with over the years. Even though, Turkish government failed to improve understanding of the earthquake disaster and emergency solutions (Gulkan 2001); †¢ †¢ Lack of properly qualified staff in the council to control the design checks. Lack of beginner producers, who were carrying out the design checks. 29 CHAPTER 6: CONCLUSION RECOMMENDATIONS CONCLUSIONS This section provides the guidance for conducting an effective analysis of the compliance to the building code in Turkey and to make recommendation on how to develop an effective and safe built environment. The aim of the research is to identify the problems for implementation of reinforced building behaviours due to Earthquake Code failure in earthquake. The literatures were containing information’s that Turkey has the one of the actively seismic zone, evaluation of the materials, selection of construction methods, lack of education, earthquake code and case study. For that reason, this study went on investigate in depth. Interviews were taken, in order to support the case study with professional references. Case studies showed that there were many insufficient techniques, and these evidence approved that there was a poor understanding about the materials and applying them due to lack poor training and education and not following the legislation â€Å" Earthquake Code†. These researched explained that the systems and techniques did not even fully match with EU regulations. There was no proper seismic requirement in the Turkish Earthquake Codes until after the huge earthquake 1999 Marmara Earthquake. Although, there were many revisions to the code from 1944 to 1975, but they were not quite useful for the significant problems with Turkish construction. Although the 1999 Marmara Earthquake was a important wake-up call, Turkey has large inventories of buildings that are susceptible to severe damage and collapse from strong earthquakes. Thousands of buildings collapsed all over the region. Many buildings were designed to outdated building codes (Code 1975) or none at all. Most of these buildings and much of the construction throughout Turkey consists of no still frame work with unreinforced masonry infill walls. This dissertation widely explained that Turkish Government regulations has failed to reduce the risk of significant harm. Use of thick slabs resulted in strong column and this weak beam could support it. Structural system problems such as soft 30 storey colon in ground floor, and wrong beam connection are important factors. If the updated Earthquake Code is applied, the damag e reasons resulting considerably less. Although, the major problem in Turkey is that the workmanship and materials are of poor quality. In order to achieve a good standard of construction, the proposal would be to use appropriate material and use of tunnel form concrete will reduce the risk of the damage in any future earthquakes (Earthquake Code 2007). Year 2012, it grieves me to say that Turkey hasnt progressed more than an inch since 1999. Van earthquake in 2011 was the best example for this. The precise time and place of an earthquake cannot be predicted, but according to seismologist , they are expecting a big earthquake in Istanbul / Marmara , there still more to develop in Earthquake Code and in construction. REGULATION AND POLITICAL ISSUES: †¢ Administrative failure has identified that Ministry for Public Works and Housing stated the construction check law after publishing that an important aim the damage had occurred was because the local administrations did not performed their inspection duties correctly by that time (Earthquake Code2007, MPWH 1998). †¢ †¢ Politic issues play a major role in performance of any material in Turkey. The research demoed that Turkish construction system politically driven. RECOMMENDATION: Recommendations are not to be expected that change the condition of housing and construction in Turkey overnight. Improving the construction quality by providing of good mixing and quantity of water, good class sand and aggregates, designed quantity of cement in the mix, appropriate mixing of all the elements with control on water cement sufficient compaction in the position of concrete, proper placement of steel ( Earthquake Code 2007, MPWH 1998). †¢ A void soft storey ground floor (Earthquake Code 2007, MPWH 1998). 31 †¢ Design steel structure must be ductile (Earthquake Code2007, MPWH 1998). †¢ Updated Earthquake Code must be applying to all constructions (Earthquake Code2007, MPWH 1998). The engineer or site manager in charge of the construction must personally be at the site at all time and supervise all the operators in order check the material and test them if it necessary (Earthquake Code2007, MPWH 1998). †¢ In order to stop building collapsing, this can depends on the government making deeper changes to its governmental system, institutionalising community participation in disaster management, and must give priority to these changes, before it’s too late (Earthquake Code2007, MPWH 1998). †¢ The government should set up a capability committee to assess the materials and projects. This committee should include quality of materials, structure of the building, location of the site and relevant planning policies. LIMITATION OF STUDY †¢ The first limitation I have in writing this dissertation is that I have the word limit of 10,000; this in fact limits overall what I can include in my sources study (literature). Any additional information that proves to be relevant to my study will be included and referenced to my appendix. Due to the nature of the information I was seeking from my sources, government officials were not confident in giving out information that could be seen as reputably detrimental. †¢ Due to my topic mainly based about Turkey and Turkish construction and government regulations, it has been difficult to retrieve information and some paperwork’s, as it was very important for my quality of research and also there were big numbers of articles, j ournals and literatures, it was considerably difficult to summary them and narrow it down. 32 REFERENCES AYDINOGLU, N. (1998), ‘Deprem ulkesi Turkiyenin ilkel inaat duzeni’, Insaat muhendislik haberi ‘396/4. AIJ, (2000). Report on the Damage Investigation of the 1999 Kocaeli Earthquake in Turkey: Architecture Insti- tute of Japan, Japan Society of Civil Engineers, The Japanese Geotechnical Society. Anderson, Donald et. al. 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